SENTENCE & PHRASE
Sentence:
▪ serangkaian kata yang paling sedikit mempunyai subyek dan
predikat;
▪ serangkaian kata yang mempunyai arti yang lengkap.
Phrase:
▪ serangkaian kata yang tidak mempunyai subyek dan predikat;
▪ serangkaian kata yang tidak mempunyai arti yang lengkap.
NOUN PHRASE
Noun Phrase:
▪ serangkaian kata yang tidak mempunyai subyek, predikat, dan
arti yang lengkap; serta dalam serangkaian kata tersebut terdapat kata benda yang
diterangkan oleh kata lainnya.
Principal Noun / Head Word / Key Word:
▪ kata benda yang diterangkan oleh oleh kata lainnya dalam Noun
Phrase.
Pre Modifier:
▪ kata yang menerangkan kata benda dalam Noun Phrase, dan kata
tersebut berada di depan kata benda yang diterangkan.
Post Modifier:
▪ kata yang menerangkan kata benda dalam Noun Phrase, dan kata
tersebut berada di belakang kata benda yang diterangkan.
Penggunaan Principal Noun, Pre Modifier, dan Post Modifier
dalam Noun Phrase,
serta Penggunaan Noun Phrase dalam Kalimat
Penggunaan
Principal Noun dan Pre Modifier dalam Noun Phrase:
|
Pre
Modifier
|
Principal
Noun
/
Head
word /
Key
word
|
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
7
|
8
|
9
|
10
|
|
Determiner
|
Quality
/
Character
|
Size
|
Age
/
Temperature
|
Shape
|
Color
|
Origin
/
Location
|
Participle
|
Material
|
Noun
|
|
The
|
beautiful
|
big
|
antique
|
square
|
brown
|
Indonesian
|
handmade
(V3
/ Past
Participle)
|
teak
|
kitchen
|
cupboard
|
Noun
Phrase dalam table di atas: The
beautiful, big, antique, square, brown, Indonesian, handmade, teak, kitchen
cupboard.
▪ Principal Noun dalam Noun Phrase di atas: cupboard.
▪ Pre Modifier dalam Noun Phrase di atas: The
beautiful, big, antique, square, brown, Indonesian, handmade, teak, kitchen.
▪ Keterangan:
Tiap-tiap unsur Pre Modifier tersebut
menerangkan Principal Noun di atas.
Bandingkan.
▪ Dalam Noun Phrase a small, car factory, Pre
Modifiers a small, car menerangkan Principal Noun factory. (=
sebuah pabrik kecil untuk membuat mobil) (Yang kecil pabriknya)
▪ Dalam Noun Phrase a small–car factory, Pre
Modifier a menerangkan Principal
Noun factory; Pre Modifier small menerangkan Pre Modifier car
dan bersama sama menerangkan Principal Noun factory. (= sebuah pabrik
untuk membuat mobil kecil) (Yang kecil mobilnya)
Contoh
penggunaan Principal Noun dan Pre Modifier dalam Noun Phrase lainnya:
▪ The pretty, tall, young,
American lady
▪ A step–by–step plan
▪ The five–story building
▪ The foreign–language academy.
Bandingkan.
▪ Dalam Noun Phrase the neat, written letters, Pre
Modifier the neat, written (V3 / Past Participle) menerangkan Principal
Noun letters. (= Surat surat yang ditulis dan rapi itu) (Yang rapi
suratnya)
▪ Dalam Noun Phrase the neatly written letters, Pre
Modifier the menerangkan Principal Noun letters; Pre
Modifier neatly menerangkan Pre Modifierwritten dan bersama sama
menerangkan Principal Noun letters. (= Surat surat yang ditulis dengan
rapi itu) (Yang rapi menulisnya)
Keterangan:
▪
Pre Modifier yang berupa V3 / Past
Participle dapat diterjemahkan dengan … yang di / ter ….
Bandingkan.
▪ Dalam Noun Phrase singing birds, Pre Modifier
singing menerangkan Principal Noun birds dan merupakan Present
Participle. (= burung burung yang bernyanyi)
▪ Dalam Noun Phrase walking sticks, Pre Modifier walking
menerangkan Principal Noun sticks dan merupakan Gerund. (= tongkat
tongkat untuk berjalan)
Keterangan:
▪
Pre Modifier yang berupa Present
Participle dapat diterjemahkan dengan … yang ….
▪ Pre Modifier yang berupa Gerund dapat diterjemahkan dengan … untuk
….
Contoh
penggunaan Principal Noun dan Pre Modifier dalam Noun Phrase dalam kali mat:
▪ The beautiful,
big, antique, square, brown, Indonesian, handmade, teak, kitchen cupboard is mine. Kalimat dasarnya (=The basic
sentence): The cupboard is mine.
▪
I like the beautiful, big, antique, square, brown, Indonesian, handmade,
teak, kitchen cupboard. Kalimat dasarnya: I
like the cupboard.
▪ He owns a small, car factory.
Kalimat dasarnya: He owns a factory.
▪ They made a
step–by–step plan. Kalimat dasarnya: They made a plan.
▪ She climbed the
five–story building. Kalimat dasarnya: She climbed the building.
▪ He sent neatly
written letters. Kalimat dasarnya: He sent letters.
▪ She is a
mathematics teacher. Kalimat dasarnya: He is a teacher.
▪ They are English
speaking students. Kalimat dasarnya: They are students.
Bandingkan.
▪ The pretty lady. (= Wanita yang cantik itu) (Noun Phrase).
The lady is
pretty. (Wanita itu cantik) (Sentence).
Contoh
penggunaan Post Modifier dalam Noun Phrase:
▪ 
The
lady on the chair over there.
(= Wanita yang di atas kursi di
sebelah sana itu)
▪ The lady over there.
(= Wanita yang di sebelah sana itu)
▪ The lady there.
(= Wanita yang di sana itu)
▪ The lady typing (Present Participle) in my
room.
(= Wanita yang (sedang) mengetik
di ruangan saya itu)
▪ The lady interviewed (Verb 3 / Past Participle)
by the Manager.
(= Wanita yang diwawancarai
manajer itu)
Keterangan:
▪
Pre dan Post Modifier yang berupa Present
Participle dapat diterjemahkan dengan … yang me / ber
… kecuali bila awalan tersebut sudah aus.
▪ Pre dan Post Modifier yang berupa V3 / Past Participle dapat
diterjemahkan dengan … yang di / ter ….
Contoh
penggunaan Post Modifier dalam Noun Phrase dalam kali mat:
▪ The lady on
the chair over there is my secretary. Kalimat dasarnya: The lady
is my secretary.
Bandingkan.
▪ The lady on the chair over there. (= Wanita yang
di atas kursi di sebelah sana itu) (Noun Phrase).
The lady is on the chair over there. (= Wanita itu di
atas kursi di sebelah sana) (Sentence).
▪ The lady typing in my room. (= Wanita yang
(mengetik di ruangan saya itu) (Noun Phrase).
The lady is typing in my room. (= Wanita itu sedang
mengetik di ruangan saya) (Sentence).
Contoh
penggunaan Post Modifier dalam Noun Phrase dalam kalimat lainnya:
▪ That computer, rather
than this, is good. Kalimat dasarnya: That computer is good.
▪ Our English teacher, with
all of us, is busy. Kalimat dasarnya: Our teacher is busy.
▪ The baby, together
with its mother, was safe from the accident. Kalimat dasarnya: The
baby was safe.
▪ This student, like
/ unlike / as well as John, reads a lot. Kalimat dasarnya: This
student reads.
▪ Everything new is
like that. Kalimat dasarnya: Everything is like that.
▪ Everybody normal
knows it. Kalimat dasarnya: Everybody knows it.
Contoh
penggunaan Pre Modifier dan Post Modifier dalam Noun Phrase dalam kali mat:
The pretty, tall, young lady typing in my room
is my secretary. Kalimat dasarnya: The lady is my secretary.
’S
▪
’S dapat
digunakan untuk menyatakan milik orang atau binatang dalam Noun Phrase.
Contoh:
▪
John’s computer (Principal Noun–nya computer,
dan John’s merupakan Pre Modifier yang berupa Determiner)
▪
John’s
computers
▪
John’s friend’s house
▪
John’s
friend’s houses
▪
The bird’s nest
▪
The bird’s nests.
Catatan:
▪ Bila ’S digunakan untuk menyatakan milik orang sebagai kata
benda dalam bentuk jamak, S pada ’S dihilangkan.
Contoh:
▪
The students’ classroom
▪ The students’ classrooms.
▪ Bila ’S digunakan untuk menyatakan milik orang yang namanya
berakhiran S, dan nama yang disebutkan terdiri atas dua atau lebih suku kata, S pada
’S dihilangkan.
Contoh:
▪
Mrs. Perkins’ PC.
▪ Bila ’S digunakan untuk menyatakan milik orang yang namanya
berakhiran S, dan nama yang disebutkan terdiri atas satu suku kata, S pada ’S
tidak dihilangkan.
Contoh:
▪
Mr. Jones’s PC.
▪
’S dapat
digunakan untuk pola waktu + ’s + noun
Contoh:
▪
Yesterday's newspaper
▪
One hour’s walk (One–hour walk)
▪
Two hours’ journey (Two–hour journey)
▪
Three years’ imprisonment
(Three–year imprisonment).
Catatan:
Kata benda
dalam bentuk jamak tidak boleh digunakan untuk Pre Modifier kecuali kata benda
tersebut memang berakhiran dengan S.
Contoh:
▪
A mathematics teacher (Benar)
▪
Two–hours journey (Salah).
Contoh
penggunaan ’S dalam Noun Phrase dalam kalimat:
John’s computer is powerful.
John’s computers are powerful.
I
am looking for yesterday’s newspaper.
He
was sentenced to three years’ imprisonment.
OF
OF
sebagai preposisi dalam Noun Phrase
▪
Untuk
menyatakan milik selain manusia dan binatang
Contoh:
▪ The legs of the table (the table legs).
Principal Noun–nya: legs.
Contoh
penggunaan OF dalam Noun Phrase lainnya:
▪ The meeting of the members of the club. Principal
Noun–nya: meeting.
▪
The city of Jakarta (Jakarta
city). Principal Noun–nya: city.
▪
The academy of foreign languages.
Principal Noun–nya: academy.
Contoh
penggunaan OF dalam Noun Phrase dalam kalimat:
▪ The city of Jakarta
is dangerous. Kalimat dasarnya: The city is dangerous.
▪ The legs of the
table are broken. Kalimat dasarnya: The legs are broken.
▪ The meeting of the
members of the club was cancelled. Kalimat dasarnya: The meeting was
cancelled.
Pengembangan
Kalimat Tunggal dengan Pre Modifiers dan Post Modifiers dalam Noun Phrases serta
Adverbial Phrases
1. Last week, the new instructor of programming
languages, as well as his assistants, was absent every day.
Keterangan:
a. Kali mat dasarnya: The instructor was absent. (Dari pola
kalimat tunggal I)
b. Last week (Adverbial of Time), the instructor (Principal
Noun dalam Noun Phrase sebagai unsur pokok Subyek), of programming languages,
as well as his assistants (Post Modifier), was absent (Kata Kerja Penghubung (=
Lingking Verb) Be yang diikuti kata sifat sebagai unsur pokok Predikat)
2. The thin, tall, old, Javanese woman
typing in that staff room works industriously at this company
every day except Sundays from seven a. m. to four p. m. to finance her son’s
study at one of the departments of information technology of the private
universities in the special territory of Yogyakarta.
Keterangan:
a. Kali mat dasar kalimat di atas: The woman works. (Dari
pola kalimat tunggal III)
b. The thin, tall, old, Javanese (Pre
Modifier) woman (Principal Noun dalam Noun Phrase sebagai unsur pokok Subyek)
typing in that staff room (Post Modifier) works (Kata Kerja
Intransitif (= Intransitive Verb) sebagai unsur pokok Predikat) industriously
(Adverb Of Manner) at this company (= Adverbial Of Place) every
day except Sundays from seven a. m. to four p. m. (Adverbial Of Time) to
finance her son’s study (Adverbial Of Purpose) at one of the departments
of information technology of the private universities in the special territory of
Yogyakarta (Adverbial Of Place).
Exercises
A. Rewrite the Principal Noun in Each of the Following Noun
Phrases.
1.
Portrait and
Landscape orientation options.
2.
Tiny,
magnetized or unmagnetized core.
3.
A change in
the printable page on the screen.
4.
The selection
at the left of the top line of icons.
5.
The
versatility of an electronic machine for processing data.
6.
The standard
measure of distance on a computer screen.
7.
A straight
line between the starting point and the cursor.
8.
On and off
switches inside the mechanism.
9.
The diagram
accompanying the selection.
10. The nine tools used to draw, shape, outline, view and fill
objects.
B. Rewrite the Basic Sentence in Each of the Following Sentences
1.
Your rectangle
is selected because of the black box at each corner and on each side. (4 KATA)
2.
A straight
line forms between the starting point and the cursor.(3 kata)
3.
The message on
your screen names the file. (5 KATA)
4.
Each of the
seven drops-down menus offers a selection of the command. (4 KATA)
5.
Either of the
lines of icons determines outline shading or color. (3 KATA)
6.
The value of
data produced by a computer requires the programming (5 KATA)
7.
The selection
at the left of the top line of icons provides access to the dialog box for
assigning custom outline width and shapes. (4 KATA)
8.
The toolbox displays icons of the
nine tools used to draw, shape, outline, view and fill objects. (4 KATA)
9.
The diagrams
accompanying the selections provide a graphic depiction
of the result. (5 KATA)
10. Programs, often called application programs, are instructions
written in computer languages.
Exercises
A.
Rewrite the Principal Noun in Each of the
Following Noun Phrases.
1.
Portrait and Landscape orientation
options.
2.
Tiny, magnetized or unmagnetized core.
3.
A change in the printable page on the
screen.
4.
The selection at the left of the top line
of icons.
5.
The versatility of an electronic machine
for processing data.
6.
The standard measure of distance on a
computer screen.
7.
A straight line between the starting point
and the cursor.
8.
On and off switches inside the mechanism.
9.
The diagram accompanying the selection.
10. The nine tools used to draw, shape, outline, view and fill
objects.
B.
Rewrite the Basic Sentence in Each of the
Following Sentences
1.
Your rectangle is selected because of the
black box at each corner and on each side.
2.
A straight line forms between the starting
point and the cursor.
3.
The message on your screen names the file.
4.
Each of the seven drops-down menus offers
a selection of the command.
5.
Either of the lines of icons determines
outline shading or color.
6.
The value of data produced by a computer
requires the programming
7.
The selection at the left of the top line
of icons provides access to the dialog box for assigning custom outline width
and shapes.
8.
The toolbox displays icons of the nine
tools used to draw, shape, outline, view and fill objects.
9.
The diagrams accompanying the selections
provide a graphic depiction of the result.
10. Programs, often called application programs, are instructions
written in computer languages.
11. After a long walk, the gleaming glass doors of the new
department store finally opened to the public.
12. The 6:40 express train from Newtown at long last arrived at the
crowded station.
13. A small but vicious dog at our neighbor’s house noisily and
persistently barked all night.
14. The securely wrapped package of spare parts for the tractor
came by registered mail yesterday.
15. In spite of our best
efforts, all essential work at the rubber tire factory stopped completely.
16. A very famous musician from the conservatory played for one
hour yesterday.
17. That very popular tourist hotel will soon open for the summer
season.
18. The engineering students in Prof. Ober’s class busily studied
for their examination all night.
19. Dr. Sheila Avery, the well-known physicist at the research laboratory,
is lecturing tonight at the auditorium.
20. The jumbo jet airliner, after a long delay, finally landed
safely at the airport.
21. A very strange thing happened on the way to work.
